Designing lesson tasks and materials

TASKS AND MATERIALS DESIGNED Willis ( 1996 ) has proposed a elaborate model for forming lessons which involves the phases of pre-task, undertaking and linguistic communication focal point. In the first phase, the instructor introduces the subject and pupils are involved in a communicative undertaking that will assist them remember words and phrases and brainstorm thoughts that might be utile in executing the chief undertaking. What follows is what Willis calls the ‘task cycle’ in which scholars perform the existent undertaking, in braces or groups. Then, they prepare a study and show their findings to the category. As Manolopoulou-Sergi references, â€Å"after that is their attending directed towards specific characteristics of linguistic communication signifier† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:171 ) . In add-on, as Carless observesâ€Å"the post-task stage can besides lend to reminding students†¦that while the undertaking may hold been gratifying, there were serious larning purposes underpinning it†( Carless, 2007:604 ) . The three adapted undertakings follow the aforesaid undertaking construction proposed by Willis. Undertaking 1 ( see Appendix II ) focuses on developing reading, listening, speech production and composing accomplishments utilizing communicative teaching method in a series of undertakings taking to steer pupils in developing the accomplishments necessary to form an original travel path. The subject is derived from the text edition ‘On Screen’ but everything else has been changed. More specifically, the pre-task or ‘warm-up’ activity attempts to trip content scheme, pulling on students’ bing cognition ( see Appendix II ) . The existent undertaking is a saber saw reading undertaking which serves both as an reliable input and it is besides an illustration of the mark undertaking pupils are so asked to make. In finishing the mark undertaking, pupils need to entree Google maps and follow the finish described in the reading text. Therefore, scholars will go more familiar with some tourer sites in Athens, every bit good as let the usage of engineering in a purposeful manner as they may be asked to make in existent life. Furthermore, pupils in groups of 2 or 3 are asked to develop a twenty-four hours path in their country for a friend abroad taking into consideration his/her likes and disfavors ( see Appendix II ) . Giving pupils the chance to seek on a different country will ask ‘coaction and interaction’in order to successfully finish the undertaking ( information spread ) . In add-on, though this undertaking pupils will develop travel related vocabulary. Students are so asked to show their paths in forepart of the category which will actuate them to make well-designed and interesting paths. Finally, in the post-phase, the instructor leads a treatment on the completed undertaking ( the presentation ) which will unite a linguistic communication focal point every bit good as acknowledging of import information from the publi shed article that should hold been included in the students’ presentation. What follows is a repeat of the schemes of a well-designed presentation/speech ( mentioning to a old unit ) and an existent presentation of the published article, therefore, giving scholars the chance to pattern the process and linguistic communication of a presentation one time more. Traveling on to Task 2, as a pre-task pupils are asked to bring forth a text ( see Appendix II ) through quickwriting. The undertaking is contextualized by supplying a intent and audience. Students are so encouraged to compare their quickwritings with another schoolmate and make up one's mind on a intent for composing. Therefore, pupils are asked to reflect on their Hagiographas and assist them develop schemes required in cognition transforming. In the task-cycle pupils are foremost introduced to a gap-filling activity which may non be an open-ended, procedure oriented activity or may non supply for specific written results, but will prosecute scholars in originative and synergistic ( with the speech production activity at the terminal ) state of affairss bring forthing thoughts for the existent authorship and giving scholars a feeling of success. Then, what follows is a 2nd bill of exchange and a alteration of it where pupils have the opportunity to measure their equals at a non-fin al phase with the aid of specific rating points. Through this, pupils are encouraged to portion ( verbal studies ) among themselves and assist them understand what goes in the writer’s and reader’s head and what schemes to utilize in order to acquire intending through a text ( metacognitive scheme ) . Furthermore, the following and concluding phase involves linguistic communication consciousness exercisings which are designed with the lone intent to bring forth more thoughts before pupils start composing their concluding bill of exchanges ( see Appendix II ) . Overall, this undertaking and the three phase intervention of composing a text is to let pupils to command, modify and farther develop their merchandise. Geting started can be hard and therefore, in the 3rd undertaking the instructor foremost introduces the subject and encourages scholars to brainstorm thoughts with the usage of wordlists ( see Appendix II ) . Then, in the task-cycle pupils are divided into groups sharing thoughts on a problem-solving activity where they have to come up with a text utilizing specific words and phrases given by the instructor. This collaborative authorship is particularly valuable as it involves other accomplishments as good ( e.g. talking ) . In add-on, this problem-solving activity will advance dialogue of significance andâ€Å"push scholars to prosecute in checking and clear uping as they go along†( Skehan, 2002:291 ) . Once each group has completed the text, they will be encouraged to show it in category and the remainder of the pupils to notice on it, therefore paying attending on signifier by holding the chance to ‘become teachers’ . Finally, in the last phase there is a liste ning activity in which pupils are asked to place specific words from the wordlist and so make full in the spreads of the paragraphs ( see Appendix II ) . The post-task stage is a opportunity to concentrate on linguistic communication and as Carless saysâ€Å"it is important to take the kids see the connexion between the undertaking they have merely done and some linguistic communication work†( Carless, 2007:601 ) . Scaling AND SEQUENCING CRITERIA Rating and sequencing of undertakings is so a major challenge for instructors and task-based course of study interior decorators. Therefore, a figure of theoretical accounts and standards for rating and sequencing undertakings have been developed. Two of the most popular models for the sequencing of undertakings are Skehan’s ( 1996 ) and Robinson’s ( 2001 ) . Although the procedure of rating and sequencing undertakings seems arbitrary and harmonizing to teachers’ judgement, I have chosen Robinson’s model to place ‘task complexity’ and later usage for the scaling of my undertakings. The ground for taking Robinson is as Steenkamp et Al. specifies â€Å"Robinson conducted research to find the function of undertaking sequencing in learners’ production† ( Steenkamp et al. , 2011:13 ) and I am covering with a productive country, that of authorship. Robinson distinguishes three factors that influence the complexness of a undertaking viz. â€Å"cognitively defined undertaking complexness, scholars perceptual experience of undertaking trouble and the synergistic conditions under which undertakings are performed† ( Robinson, 2001b:27 ) . Task trouble and undertaking conditions are factors that might act upon methodological analysis and the determinations instructors will be asked to do for successful undertaking completion, but as they deal largely with learners’ affectional sensitivity and ability factors they can non be manipulated beforehand. In contrast, as Robinson states â€Å"undertaking complexness is the exclusive footing of pedagogic undertaking sequence† ( Robinson, 2007 in Steenkamp et al. , 2011:18 ) , and it has to make with the undertaking itself. Therefore, it can be manipulated and predicted in progress. Furthermore, Robinson claims that â€Å"the greater the cognitive demands of a undertaking , the more they engage cognitive resources ( attending and memory ) an so are likely to concentrate attending on input and end product which will hold public presentation effects† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:176-177 ) . Along these lines, I focused on the factors that influence cognitive complexness such as  ± individual undertaking,  ± prior cognition,  ± planning clip,  ± there and now,  ± concluding and more ( see Appendix III ) . In peculiar, the undertakings presented in the old subdivision are sequenced this manner chiefly because I want scholars to set about activities which become progressively demanding, i.e. traveling from comprehension-based activities ( saber saw reading/ Task 1/ see Appendix II ) to controlled production activities and exercisings ( pros and cons of nomadic phones/ Task 2/ see Appendix II ) and eventually to activities affecting reliable communicating and interaction ( carnival/ Task 3/ see Appendix II ) . Additionally, undertakings with closed results ( Task 1 ) should be presented before more open-ended undertakings ( Task 3 ) as they will be easier to carry through and participants can direct their effects more purposefully as there is merely one correct re ply ( see Appendix IV B ) . Furthermore, undertakings affecting duologues should continue those affecting soliloquies every bit good as describing speeches/ presentations that might be extremely complex for scholars and need truth and eloquence to be accomplished. All three undertakings include consciousness-raising activities ( listening or reading transcripts of comparing, see Appendix II ) so as to â€Å"diminish the cognitive burden of the chief undertaking which comes afterwards. Therefore, scholars can be induced to remember conventional cognition they already have which is relevant to the undertaking they will make† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:180 ) . Similarly, the undertakings require mention largely to events go oning now as the attending is drawn on learners’ eloquence although much more cognitively demanding mention to events go oning elsewhere in clip and infinite could be added.â€Å"There is flexibleness in timing and grouping, with alternate functions being assigned to pupils at different times, and groups being rearranged in different ways, to supply more chances for students to ordain different roles† ,( Carless, 2002:394 ) . Another factor taken into history in sequencing undertakings is one manner or two manner constellation of information. â€Å"In a one-way constellation, all of the information related to the undertaking is given to one scholar who must pass on it to the other. In a bipartisan constellation the information is related to the undertaking is distributed among all of the scholars who must portion and incorporate it. In this respect, one manner undertakings promote less dialogue of intendi ng than two-way undertakings which affects the complexness of the tasks†( Ahmadi, 2014:338 ) , and hence should continue bipartisan undertakings. Finally, clip force per unit area put on pupils ( which will overload students’ attending ) and the support they have from their instructor or other scholars ( more support will perchance ease the undertaking ) are taken into history. Gradually increasing the complexness of undertakings is of import as it â€Å"may motivate scholars to look for more and more aid in the input, go toing to facilitative signifiers made salient by teacher intercession† ( Manolopoulou-Sergi et al. , 2004:178 ) . However, what is more of import for me is to increase the complexness of pedagogic demands in order to bit by bit come close the complexness of the existent universe.

Facebook: positive or negative? Essay

There has been much debate on social media such as, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and others. However, is it technically Positive or Negative? There are many reports on Facebook being a vital object for teens today and there have been plenty of complaints about it as well. My stand on the matter is that Facebook is a vital part of many teens lives, and without it they wouldn’t have the interesting conversation they have nor, the best friends either, they wouldn’t even have the knowledge they consumed on Facebook as well. see more:negatives of social media There are copious amounts of research on the matter, from articles, to essays, to even online reports that give ample reason as to so. It is said by older people, who aren’t as involved in social media as younger people today that kids only pay attention to what’s in front of them, that they don’t care about anything what so ever. â€Å"Kids today, we’re telling you!-don’t read, don’t write, don’t care about anything father in front of them than their iPods† (Goldwasser 237) is it true? Teenagers I see today like to keep up to date with their friends and love ones, making sure they’re okay, making sure they’re not sad, or nothing bad is happening and even becoming closer to those who aren’t so close. For example, some people are becoming closer to their parent, than when they were younger thanks to Facebook. â€Å"Ms.Bomberg, the Cornell student, confesses an upside to her mother being on Facebook, ‘We’re closer now, for sure,’ she says. ‘She treats me more like a friend than she did before’ (White 520). Facebook has become a way for families to become closer, for friends to communicate and loose ties to become tighter. Ms.Bomberg is just one of many examples of family becoming closer. Though, there are things that Ms.Bomberg doesn’t want her mom to know but she most inevitably will find out because of pictures; pictures like her bear ponging posted on Facebook ‘My mother is now looking at pics of me bonging a bear’ White quotes on page 522. Through Facebook you open up your heart more and let people a little closer in you’re life, as Ms.Bomberg has with her mother. Facebook is also a good way to keep up with friends who you aren’t very close to, that you would most likely consider a †weak tie†(Thompson 529). However, those loose ties would inevitably help you in the long run. â€Å"Sociologists have long found that â€Å"weak ties† greatly expand your ability to solve problems. For example, if you’re looking for a job and ask your friends, they won’t have any leads that you don’t already have yourself. Remote acquaintances will be much more useful, because they’re farther afield, yet still socially intimate enough to want to help you out† (Thompson 529). Those â€Å"weak ties† come in handy, without Facebook you wouldn’t be able to keep them in contact; and those little things they might know that you don’t will remain undiscovered. Keeping people in contact is always great, they will come in handy one day, and they will jump to the chance to help you because people like to help and get involved and â€Å"want to help you out† (Thompson 529). It’s all how you use Facebook or any other social media. Some use it for negative reasons such as, gossip, and killing time while at work or school, others use it as a vital source of information. I always use my online use in a reliable manner; I constantly post my views on matters I read about online. My friends and I are always getting into small debates. Through these debates I view how my friends speak and what type of methods they use to win their point. I’ve notice the one’s using real hardcore evidence such as, history reference’s, pie charts and articles as their source people are more ample to agree with them. I also learn that if you simplify what you are saying people will feel more comfortable accepting what you have to say because they won’t view you as a threat, and will feel more comfortable around you. In addition Facebook helps teens to be more empathetic to their peers. For example in an online source it is said that â€Å"In one new survey of 1,200 teens and young adults, the more time spent on Facebook and instant messaging, the greater their online and real-world empathy, or ability to understand and relate to others’ feelings.†(Laino). Facebook is helping teens today to be more sympathetic to their others peers, actually caring for their friends. â€Å"I see a lot of kids reaching out to friends, showing a lot of caring, online. And that translates to offline,†(Laino). Sometimes Facebook is a great way to help teens to feel for their other peers more easily, and want to help. Without Facebook these teens would not care how their friends feel, and probably won’t be there to comfort them when needed. I have a friend who was going through a rough time not so long ago, without Facbook I wouldn’t have known what was wrong with him, and I wouldn’t have been able to be there for him. Facebook is also a great way to help teens express their feelings to the world. Some teens find it hard to talk about their feelings, their thoughts or how they feel; I know I do, and Facebook has become a way for one to do that for themselves. ’Facebook help teens to express who they are,’ Rosen says in Laino online article. Without Facebook or any other social media a lot of teens would have no source to express how they feel or what they think, and they would just hold it inside, which is not good. However, not only does Facebook help teens express themselves it also helps those few shy individuals come out of their shells. ‘Online social networking can also make it easier for shy kids and teens to socialize by reaching out to others from a smart device rather than in person’ Rosen says† (Laino). Facebook has become a way for shy individuals to spread their wings and come out of their shells, it makes it easier for them to communicate with others and find confidence in themselves. Social media has become a wide spread for people in a positive matter. In today’s society Facebook is becoming a sensation; imagine the education teens could acquire from online, if their professors used Facebook as an academic resource, they could achieve so much from online use, such as Facebook or any social media, â€Å"For instance, in such a space professors and students can participate in the sharing of knowledge, by posting articles (and responses to them), speaker events, lectures and personal experiences involving topics related to the course. When this happens, Facebook can be a boom to education, actively engaging students in the pursuit of knowledge. â€Å"(Andrews). If teachers used online resources, and articles to engage their student they would most likely get more attention and more feed back from them but also, their parents would be able to see what their children are learning and how they could take an active stand in their Childs education. Facebook could be a â€Å"boom to education† (Andrews) if they knew How to use it in the right manner to involve their students. For example, the teachers could post up current events on different matters of the world have the students write their views and what they think, they could have civil debates online concerning the matters to get the students more involved. The teachers could also post of pictures of different topics and have the students analyze it. There are so many things you could do online in an easy manner, and their parents would be able to watch over it as well. Though some people would say Facebook is bad for their children, and others would say it’s good for their children, I say it’s great for their children or any other teen or young adult. Facebook has become a way for people to communicate with one another from long distance, it has become a way for teens to communicate with their peers more easily, and it’s a way for teens to reach out to one another. Facebook is a huge impact on most people’s lives, it helps people learn from one another, it helps people be more empathetic and it helps socialize people that aren’t very social. Facebook or any other social media has help out teens and their family to become closer to one another, and create tighter bonds with different people.

Outline the psychometric approach to recruitment and selection. In Essay

Outline the psychometric approach to recruitment and selection. In what ways has this been challenged - Essay Example This paper gives an overview and description of the recruitment and selection process along with a description of the psychometric approach, its benefits and challenges. Main Body Recruitment and Selection Hiring a competent workforce has become quintessential in the midst of uncertainty in external environment, particularly changing customer expectations. Because of this, psychosocial considerations, which includes differences regarding the abilities, motivations, personality and emotions of individuals, are being taken into account while finding the correct fit for the organisation. Torrington, Hall & Taylor (2007) define recruitment as being either internal ( that is hiring of people from within the organisation ) or external (which involves advertising, approaching recruitment agencies, developing corporate websites that accept applications, using newspapers and trade press and various other methods). Furthermore, Newell defines recruitment as being a process that attracts people who possess the attributes that are necessary to perform the job (Newell 2005). Generally, promotion, retirement, transfer, redundancy and technological or customer changes drive the recruitment process (Watson 1994). While recruitment generates the pool of capable applicants that may apply to the organisation, selection involves determining the â€Å"right piece that fits correctly in the jigsaw puzzle†. Herriot (1984) defines the selection process as a social exchange whereby mutual exchange of information takes place between the company and its candidates. Organisations are, therefore, required to shape their expectations depending on the candidate’s personal experience rather than the other way round (Herriot 1984). Selection methods have further been defined as consisting of application forms, interviews as well as tests of which psychometric tests are a part. Traditionally, the recruitment process would be a three-step process involving the development of job de scription, job analysis and finally job specification (Torrington, Hall & Taylor, 2007). The last stage would require determining the human attributes that are necessary to perform the job (Marchington & Wilkinson 2000). Frameworks such as the Seven-Point Plan developed by Roger and the fivefold system of grading laid down by Munro-Fraser comprised of assessing the individual’s impact on others along with his/her qualifications, abilities, motivation and emotional strength (Taylor 2000). Both these models increasingly relied on human judgment which could be highly subjective and prone to bias. This led to the development of a competency-based approach to recruitment whereby the focus shifted on individual qualities to competencies required on the job (Newell 2005) (Redman & Wilkinson 2009). Furthermore, it was realised that traditional approaches assumed fixed personalities which was a self-defeating assumption as far as the candidate’s fit with the organisation was co ncerned. This led to the shift towards the psychometric approach whereby individual differences were recognised. The term psychometrics is merely an abbreviated version of â€Å"psychological measurement†. In other words, it attempts to measure psychological traits of individuals such as their intelligence, attitudes, personality and attributes. According to a research conducted by CIPD, approximately 45% of

Managing Finance & Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Finance & Decision Making - Essay Example The retail sector is expected to show growth in all the categories and sub-divisions: electrical, groceries, clothing and footwear, cosmetics, home-ware, floor coverings and furniture, gardening as well as e-retail, in the coming years. (Tesco, 2010) The grocery and the e-retail will be the most important divisions in the coming years. According to British Retail Consortium, the sector sales in the country amounted to GBP 293 billion in 2010. The retail companies based in the United Kingdom provides services to millions of people around the globe leading in grocery, clothing, and home-ware. This sector supplies employment to 11 percent of the total workforce in the country: employing around 3 million people. It contributes 8 percent to the country’s GDP and accounts to be a major part of the country’s exchequer. (Invest in UK, 2010) The retail sector in the United Kingdom is oversaturated with the a small number of big players controlling the market. According to Britis h Retail Consortium, there were 286,680 retail outlets in the country as of 2010. According to a research performed by the TNS Kantar Worldpanel, the three major players of the retail industry in the United Kingdom, with respect to market share, are: Tesco with 30.5 percent Sainsbury with 16.6 percent ASDA with 16.5 percent 1 Despite the setbacks in the economy: rising prices, fuel costs, spending cuts, the investors look forward to strong growth and positive sales growth in the retailing. They expect the economy to heal itself in the coming months and realize its true potential. Tesco A global merchandising and grocery store based in the United Kingdom leads the ‘Big Four’ supermarkets group. The brand is the largest within the boundaries of the country with a market share of 31 percent and the third largest in the global market with respect to sales revenue. The company operates in 14 different countries through 4,811 different types of stores. It provides everything under one roof: from grocery to appliances, clothing to shoes, tires to gardening tools as well as home wares. (Tesco, 2010) Tesco plans to invest GBP 27 million to reduce its carbon footprint by 2020. â€Å"At Tesco, we care about the environment and want to lead the way in preparing for a low carbon future. We are now ready to unveil the scale of our plans to use Combined Heat and Power to cut our carbon footprint2.† The brand is ranked as the second largest in the world with respect to profits. The brand in the fiscal year 2010 showed strong growth: sales showed an increase by 6.8 percent whereas it’s pre-tax profit increased by 10 percent. Therefore, the financial gurus believe that the company has now transformed itself into a fully globally diversified business and is en route to strong future growth. (Tesco, 2010) Sainsbury J Sainsbury, with a market share of 16.6 percent, is ranked as the second largest retailer in the United Kingdom. The company provides an en ormous assortment of goods and services under one roof to its 19 million customers through the 872 stores spread across the country. The products range from grocery to appliances, tires to gardening, clothing to cosmetics as well as furniture. (Sainsbury, 2010) Sainsbury has become one of the pioneers of dedication. It has planned to invest GBP 40 million into the sustainable farming over the period of next three years that will allow the farmers to augment their productivity and

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks - Essay Example Dr.Gey extracted some of the cells for his own research without Henrietta’s knowledge or consent. Soon, Henrietta died because of the rapid spread of her cancer. The very cells which Dr.Gey had procured became the immortal HeLa cells that are being used worldwide even today. The HeLa cells history is shrouded by a number of ethical issues. One of the very first ethical issues that I find really surprising is that the HeLa cell industry was a huge and profitable industry but Henrietta’s family were not entitled to any profits or shares. Henrietta’s cells were being commercially exploited by the researchers who made billions of dollars from it but Henrietta’s own family which was very poor, remained in that very state unaware of the riches that Henrietta’s cells were fetching others. This was purely unethical on the part of the researchers because they commercialized Henrietta’s cells without the knowledge or the approval of her husband or othe r family members. In fact Henrietta’s family did not even know about the existence of Henrietta’s cells. But, in the 1950’s no ethical guidelines and tissue ownership rules had been laid down. However, today we understand that commercialization of cells and tissues may be of great worth to the donors and we do have bioethical laws to protect the right of the donors. However, there are loopholes in the law which is evident from Moore’s case. Moore suffered from a very rare case of cancer- hairy leukemia, which was diagnosed by Dr.Golde but soon Golde understood that Moore’s body cells were very special. â€Å"Most cells are worth nothing individually, but Moore's were special. They produced several valuable proteins used to treat infections and cancer and carried a rare virus that might lead to treatments for H.I.V. (Skloot, 2006) and without informing Moore, Golde got a consent. Moore was unaware of his cell’s potential but soon got to know about it worth. However he lost the case because he had signed the consent form. The court however agreed that Golde should have had informed Moore about his intentions. This brings me to my second ethical issue- voluntary participation and consent. It the right of every human being to be informed about a research before he/she voluntarily participates in it. In Henrietta’s case, she had no choice of being a voluntary participant. Dr.Gey decided to extract and study the abnormal cells of Henrietta’s body. Lacks had no idea what Dr.Gey’s intentions were. Her doctor told her nothing about the cells and his personal wish to extract and study them. This was surely unethical because the tumorous cells belonged to Henrietta solely and Dr.Gey had no right to use them without the knowledge of Lacks. In case he did want to use her cells for investigation, he should have had explained the same to Henrietta and waited for her approval but instead he opted to extract the c ells all by himself making Henrietta an involuntary participant in his studies. Today, researchers are bound to inform everything about the intended research before asking the participant to take part in it. Here too, the decision of participation lies solely with the participant and the researchers have no say in it. The final ethical issue that struck me was that of â€Å"confidential identity†. It should be the duty and moral obligation on part of the researcher to safeguard the true

Delivering Marketing Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delivering Marketing Programs - Essay Example In such a way, Red Bull began targeting and specifically marketing to key demographics by sponsoring different types of extreme sports and buying marketing space with regards to those activities that were primarily watched or engaged with by their demographic target. Such an inexpensive approach allowed the brand to position itself effectively with regards to rapidly gaining market share in integrating with this specific demographic around the globe. With respect to how this target market has changed over time, it has not. This represents both a positive and a negative for the Red Bull brand due to the fact that it present situation in which they are continuing to speak to the specific needs and tastes of their target audience; an activity that they have a great deal of experience in performing. However, this also represents a drawback due to the fact that there are a limited number of individuals within this particular demographic to which Red Bull can integrate and hope to sell the ir product (Barnett, 2013). As such, continuing to integrate with the same demographic as a means of targeting further sales is something of a lost cause. Conversely, the competition is positioned more along the traditional lines of marketing and brand imagery. The likes of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. have sought to exclusively promote and market key entries within the energy drink market by the traditional means of massive amounts of advertising and high costs of market entry (Red Bull, 2012). This necessarily places Red Bull at something of a strategic advantage due to the fact that the competition is continuing to integrate with very costly and prohibitively limited means of product integration with the demographic in question; thereby limiting their total probability and producing the levels of threat that they pose to Red Bull. Part 2: As has been stated previously, Red Bull did not initially seek to engage a costly marketing scheme as a means of promoting their beverage lines. Ins tead, they chose to sponsor key events and sporting activities that were regularly viewed in a positive light by their potential customers (Red Bull, 2013). However, as Red Bull’s fortunes of changed, they have been able to integrate with a higher degree of profitability and have been able to engage in celebrity marketing in the same means that much more powerful firms have done the same. In such a manner, as one might expect, Red Bull has been promoted and endorsed not necessarily by celebrities, but by sports stars. More specifically these sports stars cannot be understood upon the traditional lines of sports stars such as football players, basketball players, baseball players etc (Mortimer, 2012). Rather, they are extreme sports athletes that continue to engage with the brand image that has been discussed above. In such a manner, a few of these celebrity endorsers include the following: Blake Girffin, Rajon Rando, Reggie Bush, Shaun White, Bubba Stewart, Dallas Friday, Cas ey Kahne and Brian Vickers (Gorse, Chadwick, & Burton, 2010). This strategy, described above, has been extraordinarily beneficial to Red Bull as a means of continuing to int

Current State of the Economy in China Research Paper

Current State of the Economy in China - Research Paper Example This paper presents a thorough analysis of the current state of the Chinese economy. The main focus of the paper is on the potential of foreign and domestic trade activities in the country. Impact of the reforms in the economic policy, pertaining to the trade sphere, is also considered. The Chinese government in respect to foreign trade has worked to render some potential changes in this sector by removing some essential barriers pertaining to tariffs, and also reduced the level of monopolistic interventions of the different Chinese states. Even the foreign trade policies in relation to the export and import activities have been reformed by the Chinese government in terms of liberalizing the import licenses and enhancing the level of subsidies in regards to exports. The ascension of China to the WTO has also largely impacted the trade policies of China concerning the domestic trade activities. Government of China through the reduction of subsidies connected related to requirement of growth of import activities in such sector and thereby explicitly desired the reduction of dependence on indigenous materials. This activity is found to be impacted through the enhancement of American interference where the government of America strongly desired the reduction of the Chinese potential. American interference to alter the realm of government policies pertaining to Chinese domestic trade can be understood from the potential threat which the American government faces from growth of Chinese power. Thus American intervention is strongly observed altering the course of Chinese policy actions relating to domestic trade activities. The focus is rendered more on the energy sector of the Chinese economy which happens to render large amount of competition to the American region. Thus a fall in subsidies in the energy sector of China especially in the realm of wind energy helps countries like America to develop their potential in the international arena (Wolf). International and Domestic Trade Practices of China The trade practices of China pertaining to the domain of international trade of recent times is being widely accused for taking resort to a large amount of manipulation and adulterated activities. Developed countries around the world like United States and the European countries have in fact accused

Tax avoidance,tax evasion,tax mitigiation Essay

Tax avoidance,tax evasion,tax mitigiation - Essay Example Tax avoidance and Tax evasion are two of the most common terms and concepts used and utilized by the taxpayers in escaping from payment of taxes. Learning and understanding these terms will help the taxpayers avoid criminal and civil liabilities. Tax avoidance is a means to escape from taxation, which is allowed and sanctioned by law. A taxpayer committing this will not be legally held civilly or criminally liable to the government provided it is used in good faith and within the process allowed by law, otherwise the taxpayer will be committing tax evasion which is a crime. The utilization of the means and methods sanctioned by law would enable the taxpayer reduce the amount due to be taxed. Example of tax avoidance is when the taxpayer structures his/her any legitimate transaction to save tax and such transaction is what would really appear in form. And this transaction if the taxpayer is the vendee or payee could declare this as deduction. Tax Evasion on the other hand, is reductio n or elimination of tax due by means outside the law. It is illegally committed and punishable by law. A corporation, individual and other entity may resort to means in order to avoid paying the taxes. And the means employed is always dishonest like declaring less or no income, less profits or no gains than the taxpayer actually earned or it could be committed by inflating deductions. For example, a corporation will evade tax by declaring charitable contributions of $ 2.5 million as deduction although what was actually contributed is $.5 million only. The law does not allow this and anyone caught doing this will be held criminally and civilly liable. The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is on the tax itself. In tax avoidance, the taxpayer is legally avoiding the payment of any tax liability that is not in existence at the time. Meaning to say, there is no tax due at the moment of transaction and the taxpayer utilized method within the law so that no tax liability wou ld be incurred later or if there is, it would be less. In tax avoidance, there is already a tax due to be paid and the taxpayer resort to illegal means so that it will not be able to pay the owed tax. This type entails concealment or misrepresentation of earnings that are taxable immediately.. Tax mitigation is also similar to tax avoidance. Both resort to means not prohibited by law. Sometimes, these two concepts are used interchangeably. Tax mitigation is known as tax planning to mitigate or reduce tax liability. It is a conduct made to reduce tax liability without conducting tax avoidance or which is contrary to the intention of the Parliament. There are conducts which are allowed for tax mitigation and which are not in the case of tax avoidance. It is important in distinguishing one from the other, especially the two concepts which are tax avoidance and tax evasion because it will help the taxpayer in understanding the consequences of each conduct to reduce tax liability. Since tax avoidance is a criminal offense punishable by law, knowing the distinction would save one from committing this criminal offense while saving money from taxes without breaking the law. It will help taxpayers to arrange their affairs and keep taxes as low as possible. The tax code is confusing not only for average people but also for those knowledgeable professionals. Hence, it is important to define these two concepts so as not to fall into a criminally punishable offense. The Ramsay Principle: My understanding This principle emanated for two cases : W. T. Ramsay Ltd. v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, Eilbeck (Inspector of Taxes) v. Rawling, [1982] A.C. 300 and IRC v. Burmah Oil Co. Ltd., [1982] S.T.C. 30, H.L.(Sc.)decided by the House of Lords in connection with tax payment and schemes resorted to avoid it. In this case, the company in order to lessen the amount of taxes for the transaction of transfer of assets and payment resorted to scheme by drafting sets of documents,

Genral planning (related to the city that you choosed) Essay

Genral planning (related to the city that you choosed) - Essay Example This paper focuses on land use planning as an important element in the general planning of the city of Los Angeles. With a population of nearly 3.8 million people as per the 2010 census, Los Angeles city is currently the most populous city in California. The city is known all over the world as a center of entertainment, culture, trade and technology. As home to the Hollywood entertainment industry, Los Angeles is also home to many of the world’s celebrities. The general plan of Los Angeles was primarily designed to be a strategy of the future growth of the city using the population forecasts as the basis of planning. Consequently all the elements of a city’s general planning are intended to accommodate the future populations in a way that enhances environmental conservation. Just like many other cities around the world, demographic and spatial changes such as transport congestion are proving to be the major challenges facing sustainable land use in the city of Los Angeles and its environment (Davis, 23). As a result, land use planning in Los Angeles has been largely based on the principles of sustainability in an attempt to mitigate both the present and future challenges regarding the dynamics of urban land use. Additionally land use planning in the city of Los Angeles is also designed to promote the growth and development of both the residential neighborhoods and commercial districts of the city with regard to the future growth in population. The general planning of the city of Los Angeles has designated specific locations to be used for particular new land uses. The land use in these locations is determined by the respective community plans. A number of land use categories in the city of Los Angeles are in the areas that were originally designated for industrial, commercial and residential uses. It is however worth noting that the

Explain The Relationship Between Money Supply And Inflation Essay

Explain The Relationship Between Money Supply And Inflation - Essay Example When money increases in quantity, the demand for it devalues consequentially. â€Å"According to Austrian Economics an increase in the money supply should result in inflation as the value of each old dollar is "diluted" by the printing of new dollars† (McMohan, 2009). Different theories of economy offer different explanation for the influence of money supply on inflation. According to the theory of quantity of money, which is often referred to as monetarism, relationship between the two terms is interpreted as MV = PT, where M = money supply, V = Money Velocity, P = Price Level, and T = Transactions (Ellis, 2011). Other terms being constant, price level is controlled by the money supply. As the velocity of money and the transactions generally remain constant, this essentially means that increase in the supply of money directly increases the price. Likewise, decrease in money supply decreases inflation. On the other hand, the Keynesian theory suggests the existence of several o ther factors that can influence inflation and price level, in addition to the supply of money. â€Å"Generally, the Keynesian theory stresses the relationship between total or aggregate demand and inflationary changes† (Ellis, 2011). Money supply is often varied to control the inflation. When the government intends to lower the inflation in a certain region, central banks stop lending the money frequently and raise the rate of interest. As a result of this, inflation drops. However, when it goes below the intended level, the lending patterns are loosed so that the economy may be stimulated. In other cases, when release of money becomes unreserved, it results into the situation of hyperinflation. When a bank issues loan, it adds to the amount of money in circulation, without a net increase in the wealth (Anon., n.d.). Economists mutually consent that an increase of inflation above 50 per cent per month is the symbol of inflation. The inflation typically increases when the incr ease of money supply is not accompanied with an equivalent increase in the production of goods. In a vast majority of cases, the federal banking system is used to impose limits of the trends of lending and setting interest rates. If more money is supplied at equilibrium, it makes the interest rate ti go down because the supply of money far exceeds the demand (Hornle, 2007). In order to keep that from happening, the federal banking system decides the limits making use of the economic data. Sometimes, it becomes hard to estimate the money supply, particularly when the trends changes constantly. The supply of money may increase frequently as a result of change in the patterns of storage of money on the part of people. The following chart displays the supply of money from 1985 to 2008. The per cent change in money supply of one year has also been shown: Supply of money vs inflation (McMohan, 2009). M1 is generally considered as the most accurate measure of supply of money in that M1 mea sures money in just its most liquid states. M1 is just limited to the currency that is in the public’s occupancy in various forms which include but are not limited travelers’ checks, and checks for money deposits. Sometimes, increase in the supply of money may not cause the inflation to increase. Certain factors play a role in it that include but are not limited to the speed of circulation of money, increase in the capacity of productivity and the state of economy. Increase in real output is one

Basketball and football Essay Example for Free

Basketball and football Essay In countries throughout the United States, most people enjoy high scoring sports with a great deal of physical contact. In my opinion, both Basketball and American Football are the two most popular sports here that fall under that category. In which as fans we can all appreciate and participate with our own friends and family members. Furthermore, not only can we watch these games at home, but we can be play them back at as well as a healthy alternative. There are a variety of differences and similarities between these two sports. Basketball and American Football can be broken down into three parts that will enable you to know visualize the major points: players, equipment and game style. First of all, there are noticeable differences between these two sports that hold different qualification for each player. In basketball it is necessary for players to use their lower body quickness in order to run down back and forth the basketball court as quickly as possible. In contrast, football players are required to use their upper body strength so that there able to make and take some hard hits during the game as a method of defense against the other team. Also both of these sports hold different physical qualities that are required in order to play the game efficiently. For example, basketball players who play the center position on average weigh roughly around 265 pounds with the physical stature being strong and a bigger player who can clog up the basket area. While in football, the wide receiver position is held by a player averaging in at 200 pounds. They too are built with a strong physique yet can run down the field rapidly as needed. Secondly, both of these sports have different equipment needs. As we know both basketball and football use different kind of balls. Basketball is played with orange shaped ball, as were in football they use a prolate spheroid shape ball. In addition, they both use completely different shoe gear. Seeing that basketball is played indoor on a wooden floor it requires players to use sneakers that come up a bit higher in order to protect the ankles. The sneakers are also designed differently as they are meant to allow them to have a good bounce in them, since that too is an important factor in basketball. On the other hand, football players use cleats since they play outdoors in the grass. They need have a good and secure grip on the ground beneath them in order for effective and optimum playing. The safety gear that both sports’ wear differ as well, in order to better protect and suit their needs. In both sports, they wear mouth guards. But in American Football, they also use helmets and shoulder pads. Finally, it comes down to the differing style of play. Basketball and football have decidedly different styles of play based on the rules. Basketball is viewed as a non-contact sport, in which by the rules that if any physical contact is made by a player it is a violation, resulting in a personal foul. Conversely, football is well known for its physical contact playing style. Knowingly that every play within the game will consist of some sort of tackling, aggressive play and head on collisions. Also basketball is more of a high scoring game than football. Simply because in basketball teams are given 2 or 3 points (depending where you’re shooting from) each time they make the ball in the basket. In contrast, football teams are only granted 6 points for a touchdown and 3 points for a kicked field goal, much more difficult than basketball because of the physical playing style. In conclusion, although their game styles are completely different, both receive numerous amounts truly dedicated fans. Not only just for the love of the sport, but toward particular teams as well as players in the league and coaches. In addition, their equipment provides protection that benefits each player. This protective gear prevents them from most devastating hits that may otherwise end their career with a nasty injury. Athletic players are seen in the eyes of each fan, whether in the stands or back at home, as role models and encouragement to engage in sports. Let face it, every fan wishes to live the life of an athletic player and be able to play its sport under the spotlight that is viewed by millions.

White people Essay Example for Free

White people Essay ?Introduction: In this essay I am going to compose a piece of text which will involve the tension of Segregation. In the 1930s, although 50% of the population of Southern towns were black, they had no vote and could not marry whites. Also in the 1930’s, many black people lived in the southern states. During that time, racism reached its highest point. For instance, the whites treated the blacks very poorly because they thought that the blacks were lower than them. Therefore, the blacks had to fight for the right to be treated equally. As a result, black people had to face the Jim Crow Laws and the Ku Klux Klan. In my own opinion I think that the 1930 was a turbulent time for race relations in America. Paragraph 1: The first racism incident that I have spotted out and chosen to write about in my essay is when the Wallace’s’ poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them on fire. One of the nephews died, the other one is alive but has the same condition as Mr Berry. The reason why the Wallace’s poured kerosene over the Berry’s was because they caught them flirting with a white woman which wasn’t allowed back then. In fact, it was not even true! The Berry’s didn’t even flirt with her. They lied about it. The quote that goes with this event was when mama (Cassies’ mum) said to her kids, â€Å"The Wallaces did that, children. They poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them afire. † â€Å"Everyone knows they did it, and the Wallaces even laugh about it, but nothing was ever done. † At this right moment I feel disgusted and baffled that people could actually do this in the 1930s. The sympathy for the Wallace’s has decreased because setting fire to someone is arson and that makes Mr Wallace and his clique an arsonist. Also it makes us feel that the Wallaces are black-hearted and atrocious people, because who would want to set a person on fire? Then laugh about it. The sympathy for the Berrys has definitely increased because of what happened to both Mr Berry and his two nephews is utterly excruciating and the fact that there is no reason behind why the Wallaces did it, makes the reader feel more sorrowful for them. On the other hand in the book it says, â€Å"Disfigured man lying in the darkness† In that quote you can see how dreadful his injuries were. He was even camouflaging with the darkness; see that is real bad? Paragraph 2: The second racism incident that I found very crucial was when Cassie bumped into Lillian Jean Simms by accident but Lillian Jean still DEMANDED for a sorry and for Cassie to get on her knees instantly. As well as this was racism, it was also bullying in some kind of way because Cassie didn’t want to get on her Knees but she still got forced. â€Å"Kicking at the sidewalk, my head bowed. It was then that I bumped into Lillian Jean Simms. † Cassie really didn’t mean to bump into Lillian Jean at all but she took it over the top reacted to the bump by saying, â€Å"why don’t you watch were you’re going? † â€Å"Well apologize† â€Å"That ain’t enough. Get down in the road† This right here is what you call racism. Cassie didn’t intend to bump into Lillian Jean, it was just an accident but because Cassie is black they didn’t care at all. Cassie even got pushed around by Mr Simms. Mr Simms was even sticking up for his daughter even though she was in the wrong. Lillian Jeans’ father was saying to Cassie that when Lillian tells you that you should get off the sidewalk, you get off it. The sympathy towards Lillian Jean Simms has totally decreased because what she did was just too dramatic and it was just a ‘bump’. In my opinion Cassie did not have to go on her knees because she didn’t deliberately bump into her; all that should have been done was an apology to Lillian. My sympathy towards Cassie has increased more. The reason why I said this was because she was intimidated and forced to get on her knees even though she had already shed a tear; they didn’t care, they just wanted an apology from her. Conclusion: To sum up I think that Racism is totally unacceptable and utterly inglorious. In this novel I think that Taylor was trying to put across the fact of what the black people had to go through in the 1930s every day of their lives, and how their wouldn’t even be an us our even a peaceful world if racism was still occurring. I also think that Taylor is trying to compare today’s life to the 1930s and too see how much the black people suffered.

Understanding The Context Of Securitization Theory Philosophy Essay

Understanding The Context Of Securitization Theory Philosophy Essay Over the last decade, contemporary security studies witnessed a fundamental attempt by various social constructivist approaches to re-conceptualize the traditional notion of security as a perception of objective threat, and redefine the theoretical agenda of security studies. One of the most influential and eminent analytical frameworks among these approaches, the securitization theory, developed by Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and their associates from what came to be later known as the Copenhagen School, based the meaning of security upon the socially constructed practice among actors. The core hypothesis of the Copenhagen School rests with the designation of securitization as a discoursive process through which an intersubjective understanding is constructed within a political community to treat something as an existential threat to a valued referent object, and to enable a call for urgent and exceptional measures to deal with the threat.  [1]   Thus, successful securitization encompasses three inextricable components existential threats, emergency action, and effects on inter-unit relations by breaking free of rules.  [2]  This, however, leads to an epistemological dilemma of whether the main purpose of securitization theory is to focus on the speech act as a creative force of security or to relate the establishment of security articulations to the context in which an interplay of the securitizing actor and a relevant audience takes its place. In other words, the enduring problem in the analytical framework of the securitization theory is what or who decisively invokes the move beyond the sphere of normal politics the speech act itself or the context in which relevant actors interacts. Consequently, this theoretical problem triggered two distinct interpretations of securitization theory. The first interpretation adhered to a rather internalist reading of securitization claiming that the security can be understood as a self-referential activity,  [3]  while the second standpoint, labeled externalist, correctly pointed out that the Copenhagen School generally put aside the contextual aspects in the analytical framework of the securitization theory, and in contrast proposed a conception of security as an intersubjective process  [4]  . The internalist point of view, narrowly based on the poststructuralist reading of securitization, is focused on the speech act event, and is anchored in the notion of a performativity, i.e. a result of the securitization is determined by the power of the act itself. In contrast, the externalist perspective rests with a more complex understanding of the securitization as a process of interactions between the audience and the secu ritizing actor through which a meaning of security is brought to existence. In particular, the former assert that the determinant power inherent in the discourse creates an exceptionality modus, whereas the latter link the effects of securitization to the context in which an interplay between the securitizing actor and a relevant audience occurs. The internalist understanding of the securitization theory rests with Waevers interpretation in Securitization and Desecuritization where it is, by drawing on John L. Austins concept of performative utterances,  [5]  claimed that the mere utterance of security is more than just saying or portraying an event, but performing an action that moves an issue beyond normal politics.  [6]  Whether this utterance of security is related to a particular context in which a stimulus triggers a response is irrelevant for the internalists. Contrary to the externalist argument that the communication between the agency and a respective audience enables the endowment of extraordinary measures, the internalists downplay the role of the context to the performative force of the speech act to impose an extraordinary situation and create a security. In particular, by referring to Derridas claim that there is nothing outside the text, the internalist understanding of the securitization concludes tha t the indeterminate nature of a speech act itself has a power to create new circumstances in a broader social framework. More specifically, it is not the sender-responder relation that bears authority in imposing the exceptional conditions, as the externalists suggest, but rather it is about the very nature of the performative speech act that constitutes not only new meaning, but also the social actors and reality.  [7]   However, this particular perspective on the determinacy of the situation by merely uttering the speech act has two shortcomings. Firstly, given the nature of the performative act which is in the internalist notion solely regarded as the language-discoursive framework, one can argue that this is only one means through which the meaning of security is constructed. More specifically, the speech act of securitization cannot be reducible to verbal phrases or rhetoric, because what portrays something or someone as an existential threat is a broader performative act composed of different contextual and symbolic patterns that increase the overall effectiveness of an appeal for emergency measures. As Michael Williams shrewdly notes, the television images of 9/11 destruction, casualties and human suffering have considerably contributed to the dominant perceptions of security and to a construction of a necessary response to an existential threat.  [8]  Secondly, it is not the utterance of p erformative act that creates a meaning of security, but rather the routinized practices of the bureaucratic machinery and professional managers of unease applied to various issue areas that allow the act to urge an embracement of extraordinary measures.  [9]  In particular, surveillance practice, the control of borders or immigration policy is an ultimate aim behind the use of language by networks of security professionals that generate specific meaning of (in) security. Related to the second shortcoming, the externalist reading of securitization contributes to the debate by adding a social and political context in which the practice is exercised by relevant structures. In general, by referring to the concepts of the audience and the facilitating conditions suggested by Buzan et al. (1998) in Security: A New Framework for Analysis, the externalist understanding transfers the creation of the meaning from the speech act to the intersubjective level of analysis. Thus, rather than reducing the securitization to a discoursive event, the externalist understanding draws on a broader conception-a dynamics between the securitizing actor initiating the speech act, and a relevant audience accepting or refusing it.  [10]  The interpretation and depiction of the existential threat are, in other words, negotiated between the actor and a respective audience. Nevertheless, although the speech act is enacted and introduced by the authoritative actor, it is the au dience in this relationship that decides whether the discourse will be accepted as an appropriate narrative.  [11]  In addition, following the concept of facilitating conditions the exceptionalist logic infers that the possibility of a successful securitization act will depend on whether the audience recognizes the conventional procedures within the performative act, and whether the securitizing actor holds a position of authority.  [12]   Nevertheless, both concepts (the audience and the facilitating conditions) are theoretically underdeveloped leaving many epistemological gaps in the analytical framework of the securitization. Firstly, even if one identifies a relevant audience, the question remains why and how the receivers will react to the utterance of the act. Although coercion or brute force may in general be effective, in order to maintain credibility the securitizing actor will particularly need to identify his/her move beyond normal politics with the audiences values, norms, interests and feelings. Thus the content of the performative message would need to be contingent upon the moral justification corresponding to what is generally perceived as legitimate by the audience, and upon the approval of the legal authority.  [13]  Yet, it still remains unclear what constitutes the broader socio-political basis for the securitizing actor to claim authority to impose measures and for the audience to conform to th e language of the act. However, the concept of facilitating conditions is a rather objectivist, to the extent that it posits the discoursive process inside the exogenously given actor-audience structure and at the same time it is static, in terms of reducing a securitization to a mere event dependent on the stimulus-response pattern. To comprehensively grasp the essence of the securitization, one therefore needs to move beyond both internalist and externalist understanding and analyze the audiences expectations, the actors authority and a meaning of the speech act as embedded in social relations of meaning and power that constitutes both actors and speech acts.  [14]   The seemingly unavoidable gap between the two understandings may be bridged through the internalist-externalist distinction developed by Holger Stritzel who seeks to establish a context in which the actor, an audience and the speech act are embedded as mutually constitutive and non-separable relations. The context in this view is constituted of two dimensions: social-linguistic, referring to the networks of constitutive rules and narratives that surround a single linguistic act and socio-political, i.e. structures from which the power to influence the process of constructing meaning is derived  [15]  . Consequently, the power connectedness of the three elements of securitization is interlinked with the two dimensions through the constitution of three forces of securitization: the performative force of the speech act (internalist), its embeddedness in the existing discourse (externalist) and the positional power of actors who shape the meaning (internalist-externalist).  [16]  What Stritzel effectively achieves with his analytical framework is three-fold: firstly, the moving from the given meaning of the threat to the meaning generated by the dynamic social interactions; secondly, the interrelatedness between the text of the speech act and the discoursive practices add a missing part to the internalist notion of the speech act as an utterance itself; finally, the power position of the actor that underpins his/her authority departs from both the inclusive nature of the linguistic concept of power outlined by the internalist reading, and the exogenously defined relationship between the actor and the audience proposed by the externalist understanding of securitization. In conclusion, the epistemological division between the internalist and the externalist view, as shrewdly suggested by Stritzel, may be bypassed through the establishment of interconnectidness between the language act and actors/audience within the mutually constitutive social context. Nevertheless, the dilemma about which element decisively constitutes the security persists within the securitization theory. As McDonald effectively put it, the incoherence within the existing analytical framework of securitization theory will lead to the downplay of either the performative effects of the speech act or the inter-subjective nature of security.  [17]  Therefore, a closer focus on different empirical cases may provide useful insights into the problematic of the speech act-actor-audience triangle, and moreover contribute to the analytical framework of securitization theory.

Waste Land Essay: Eluding Understanding :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The Waste Land: Eluding Understanding The Waste Land is, to begin with, a poem that includes an interpretation as part of the poem, and it is therefore a poem that makes a problem of its meaning precisely by virtue of its apparent (and apparently inadequate) effort to explain itself. We cannot understand the poem without knowing what it meant to its author, but we must also assume that what the poem meant to its author will not be its meaning. The notes to The Waste Land are, by the logic of Eliot's philosophical critique of interpretation, simply another riddle--and not a separate one to be solved. They are, we might say, the poem's way of treating itself as a reflex, a "something not intended as a sign," a gesture whose full significance it is impossible, by virtue of the nature of gestures, for the gesturer to explain." And the structure of the poem--a text followed by an explanation--is a reproduction of a pattern that, as the notes themselves emphasize, is repeated in miniature many times inside the poem itself, where cultural expressions are transformed, by the mechanics of allusion, into cultural gestures. For each time a literary phrase or a cultural motif is transposed into a new context--and the borrowed motifs in The Waste Land are shown to have themselves been borrowed by a succession of cultures--it is reinterpreted, its previous meaning becoming incorporated by distortion into a new meaning suitable to a new use. So that the work of Frazer and Weston is relevant both because it presents the history of religion as a series of appropriations and reinscriptions of cultural motifs, and because it is itself an unreliable reinterpretation of the phenomena it attempts to describe. The poem (as A. Walton Litz argued some time ago) is, in other words, not about spiritual dryness so much as it is a bout the ways in which spiritual dryness has been perceived. And the relation of the notes to the poem proper seems further emblematic of the relation of the work as a whole to the cultural tradition it is a commentary on. The Waste Land is presented as a contemporary reading of the Western tradition, which (unlike the "ideal order" of "Tradition and the Individual Talent") is treated as a sequence of gestures whose original meaning is unknown, but which every new text that is added to it makes a bad guess at.

Distorted Perceptions in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essay

Distorted Perceptions in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night    Any visitor to the French Riviera in the mid-1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night, would describe Dr. Richard Diver as a charming, respected, well-mannered physician. Dick is a noble man who has dedicated his life to the health and protection of his beloved wife without thought to himself. Furthermore, he gives wonderful parties and is a reliable source of help to any friend in need. In fact, "to be included in Dick Diver's world for a while was a remarkable experience" (Fitzgerald, Tender, 27). Under this faà §ade of composure, however, lies a tormented personality. The stresses in Dick's life are numerous, as he deals with Nicole's breakdowns and other aspects of his career and social relationships. He has no one to help him through these difficulties but he still manages to rescue his friends in countless instances. He does his best to play his role as husband, father, friend, and physician, but he is clearly not comfortable with his responsibilities, and his confusion manifests itself through his obsession with youthfulness. Not only does Dr. Diver try to appear young and vital to the outside world, he also has an unhealthy obsession with much younger women in his life. This paternal attitude toward females mingled with sensual desire is a sign of Dick's hidden instability which slowly becomes more visible. Several events point to Dick's desire to appear younger and as his immature attitude about life. He has a strong need for social approval and tries to ensure his social standing by being a gracious and charming host to a myriad of friends and acquaintances. He is very concerned with each guest's opinion of him, and i... ...cceeding experiences. A major component of the disintegration of Dick Diver, therefore, is his confusion and immaturity regarding relationships with younger women, as well as his own need to seem youthful. His reputation and well-liked persona are achieved despite his childlike attitudes, but as he slowly loses his ability to conceal his true personality, he is deserted by everyone. Just as the incestuous actions of Nicole's father led to her illness and his private torment, Dick Diver's distorted perceptions of appropriate relationships lead to his own fall into obscurity. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York, NY.: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1982. Stanton, Robert. "'Daddy's Girl': Symbol and Theme in Tender is the Night." Critical Essays on Tender is the Night. Ed. Milton R. Stern. Boston, Ma.: G.K. Hall & Co., 1986. 118-124.

linux encryption Essay -- essays research papers

.: Contents :. I. INTRO - About   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   II. ENCRYPTING - Containers - Drives - Files   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   APPENDIX   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .: I. INTRO :. [-=] About [=-] This is a quick rundown on how to encrypt files, containers, and drives under Linux. The use of loopback encrypted filesystems and openssl is explained and examples are given. This paper should have you encrypting in no time. The following commands were done running kernel 2.6.9. .: ENCRYPTING :. I'll outline how to create encrypted containers and drives using the loopback filesystem support and file encryption via openssl. [-=] Containers [=-] This is essentially creating a filesystem within a file and mounting it as a device. Containers vastly decrease the tedious task of individually encrypting files since you simply move your files into the mount point and then unmount and they nicely encrypted. First, you need to create a blank file using the dd command. dd if=/dev/urandom of=crypto.img bs=1M count=50 - The first parameter uses the /dev/urandom device to create the file with random data to make it more difficult to distinguish between free space and encrypted data. The /dev/zero device can be used but is not advised. - The second parameter of=crypto.img defines the name to be given to the file and this can be changed to suit your preference. - The third parameter bs=1M instructs the dd command to create the file in 1MB blocks. I recommend you leave this value as 1M - The final parameter defines the size of the file in relation to the bs parameter. Since bs=1M and count=50 the file will be 50MB hence changing the count value to 100 would yield a 100MB file and so on. It is worth mentioning that the file can be resized once created this will be explained in the appendix. Second, the file must be associated to a loop device and encrypted. losetup -e aes256 /dev/loop0 crypto.img - The parameter -e aes256 at the beginning instructs losetup on which cipher to use. The cipher type is dependent on what your kernel supports. In this example the AES 256 bit cipher is used but you can use other cipher types such as blowfish interchangeably. - The second parameter /dev/loop0 is the device to which we bind the file too. Binding the file will allow us to format the file with filesystem. - The final pa... ...utputs at password.txt.enc. (This is a rather redundant explanation but oh well) Now to decrypt a file. openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -in password.txt.enc -out password.txt - The enc -d -aes-256-cbc part of the command specifies which cipher to use for decryption. - The -in password.txt parameter specifies which file to decrypt. - The final parameter instructs openssl to output the decryption into a file. This parameter can omitted and the file will be decrypted to stdout. .: APPENDIX :. [-=] Resizing containers [=-] If you formatted your container with the ext2 filesystem you can resize it with the ext2resize app. First, increase the size of the container. In this example the file acting as the encrypted container is called crypto.img and its size is incremented by 20MB. dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1M count=20 >> crypto.img - The of= parameter is omitted and instead >> is used at the end of the command to append 20MB to the crypto.img file. Second, bind the file to a loop device. losetup -e aes256 /dev/loop0 crypto.img Third, extend the ext2 filesystem within the container. ext2resize /dev/loop0 That is all thats needed to resize your encrypted container.

The Concepts of Leadership Theories

This essay begins with how the concept of leadership starts with understanding what leadership means. According to Robbins and Judge, Organizational Behaviour, 15th edition states that leadership is the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a vision or set of goals (p, 402). A good leader is more likely to accomplish this task through knowledge and skill.Knowledge to know about how to use what is known to influence workers in an organization to reach the goals of a company and skill to put in the effort to actually do what is meant to be done well to achieve organizational goals. In other words an effective leader should be capable of inspiring and motivating even the most inefficient employees to strive towards attaining the goals of the organization. Organizational effectiveness is critical to success in any business.In order to achieve increased and sustainable business results, organizations need to execute strategy an engage employees. T he validity of the stat ement ‘’an organisations performance and effectiveness are directly related to its leadership,† can be further explained by drawing a little focus on the theories of leadership. These theories include situational theory, participative leadership model, the path-goal theory and the transformational leadership theory. Situational theories focus on the followers.Situational theories propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leadership is dependent on the context in which it is being exercised. For example, in a situation where the leader is the most knowledgeable an experienced member of a group, an authoritarian style might be most appropriate but in other instances where group members are skilled experts, a democratic style would be more effective. Fieders situational theories identify effective leadership style under changing situations (Fieder, Chemers and Mahon, 1977). These can be either relationship motivated or task motivated.A leader participat ive model is a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations. These leaders encourage participation and contribution from groups members and helps members feel more relevant and committed to the decision making process. Persons are less competitive and more collaborative when they are working on joint goals. It has been proven that when decisions are made together, the social commitment to one another is greater and increases the commitment to he decision rather than when decisions are made by one person alone. Participative leadership can be effective in unstructured situations because it can increase role clarity and it can also be very effective for people who have a high need to control their environment. The path-goal theory which was developed by Robert House is a theory that states that it is a leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. Robbins and Judge 15th Edition) Effective path-goal leaders must recognize the needs of those they manage and try to satisfy their needs through the workplace by rewarding persons for achieving their goals, helping subordinates to identify the most effective path they need to take to reach their goals and clear the paths so that these subordinates can reach their goals. The transformational leadership theory focuses on the connections formed between leaders and followers.Transformational leadership is a process in which the leaders take actions to try to increase their associates' awareness of what is right and important, to raise their associates' motivational maturity and to move their associates to go beyond the associates' own self-interests for the good of the group, the organization, or society. Such leaders provide their associates with a sense of purpose that goes beyond a simple exchange of rewards for effort provided. The transformational leaders are proactive in many different and unique ways.These leaders attempt to optimize development, not just performance. Development encompasses the maturation of ability, motivation, attitudes, and values. Such leaders want to elevate the maturity level of the needs of their associates (from security needs to needs for achievement and self-development). They convince their associates to strive for a higher level of achievement as well as higher levels of moral and ethical standards. Through the development of their associates, they optimize the development of their organization as well.High performing associates build high performing organizations. A transformational leadership is more effective when in a smaller, privately held firm than in a complex organization because the personal nature can directly interact with the workforce and make decisions than when they report to an external bro ad of directors or deal with a complex bureaucratic structure. I conclude that each of these theories offers some insights into the qualities of successful leaders.The different leadership styles will differ depending on the type of organizational structure being used but they are all important for the effectiveness and performance of any organization. Bibliography Bass, B. M. (2005). Transformational leadership theory, In J. B. Miner. Organizational behavior Fiedler, (1967) A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Langton, N. , ; Robbins, S. (2007). Leadership. In N. Langton ; S. Robbins. Organizational Behavior: Concepts, controversies, applications Toronto: Prentice Hall Canada

Pepsi Total Reward

course Ethics blood ethics is a topic that is oft clock on the chief of media and journalism reports in the United States of the States today. To some unity that doesnt soak up a background in ancestry, or a general understanding of the note world, these reports behind be cumbersome and hard to follow. angiotensin-converting enzyme must first understand what business ethics actually argon. Dictionary. com defines business ethics as the study and examination of moral and social responsibility in coitus to business practices and decision-making in business (dictionary. com). once oneness understands the implication of business ethics, they often wonder what major companies do to occlusive ahead of the curve, and excel in the celestial sphere of business ethics. Sadly, it seems as if the general media is exclusively kindle in companies with poor business ethics and practices. Media outfits argon able to dispense much papers, and gain more viewers, and unprejudiced co mpanies such as PepsiCo never buzz off got the positive cosmosity that they deserve. Ethics and entry are present in PepsiCos day to day ope symmetryns. PepsiCo also has procedures in place to ensure honest air for both their employees, and the comp any(prenominal) as a whole.Next, one must take a look at processes within the makeup PepsiCo employs to comply with second gear regulations. Finally, the monetary statements of PepsiCo lead be conk outd with the intent of aspect into the trend for different proportions and what it tells investors, and the public similar surface-nigh the organizations financial health. In a world that is fill with un estimable companies that are lying to their investors, employees, and the public, it is load-bearing(a) to cool it deal companies like PepsiCo that are both good and compliant.PepsiCo goes to great lengths to deliver the goods economic success period becalm complying to the unwritten laws of business ethics. PepsiCo does this ground on three main elements of influence environmental, talent, and merciful sustainability. PepsiCo offers consumers a wide array of products from health conscious foods, to comfort foods, to athletic drinks. PepsiCos financial stability is greatly influenced by the decision to offer so some products. By doing so, PepsiCo gets to appeal to a signifier of consumers, as opposed to just one type.When PepsiCo speaks of environmental sustainability, they are talking nigh their efforts to go green or less(prenominal)en their environmental footprint. PepsiCo is planning on pickings the necessary steps toward diminution their galvanizing consumption by 20% and reducing fuel consumption by 25% by the class 2015. In 2007, PepsiCo relieve well-nigh five billion liters of water, and nearly five-hundred million kilowatt hours of energy ecumenic in 2007 when compared to their use in years past (PepsiCo, 2009). PepsiCo is looking out for the topper interests of the environmen t, an ethical and admirable decision make by the keep troupe.PepsiCo is also an equal fortune employer and they are often praised for the different custody that they develop. When PepsiCo speaks of talent, they are talking about their diverse workforce. PepsiCo also believes in equality, they show this by offering employment to individuals without worrying about gender, race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. PepsiCo was named one of Business Ethics Magazines deoxycytidine monophosphate topper corporate citizens. PepsiCo shows loyalty to their employees by trying to promote from within. They also go in in various surveys to prevent any issues, and to address any problem areas.The sure CEO of PepsiCo is a woman by the name of Indra Nooyi since she took oer in 2006 she has promoted employment diversity. PepsiCos workplace policies are accessible in thirty different languages to take on many ethnic groups. PepsiCo also does their outstrip to try to spend as a lot as they co uld with minority owned businesses, while still looking out for the alliances best interests. (PepsiCo, 2009). PepsiCo is extremely ethical and compliant when looking at their hiring practices. humans sustainability at PepsiCo is their vow to offer more healthy choices for consumers.PepsiCo is dedicated to their consumers, and is focused on creating and innovating newfound products that will offer less sugar and staying away from empty calories. PepsiCo has been partnering with the being Health Organization to find new ways to improve the diets of consumers while promoting material activities. When looking at PepsiCos advance of human sustainability, it is evident that PepsiCo values their consumers, which is treasured and ethical. PepsiCo much like any different well respected company, complies with the regulations that are laid by the sec (Securities and Exchange representation).PepsiCo demonstrates their SEC compliance by means of their hiring of an independent regist ered public story firm. PepsiCo utilizes the well-known and respected accounting firm Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler which is more commonly referred to as KPMG. KPMG is one of the largest professional services firms in the world and one of the Big quatern auditors. The Big Four auditors are KPMG on with PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte, and finally Ernst and Young. KPMGs global headquarter are located in the Netherlands .By employing an outside source, PepsiCo allows the auditing firm KPMG to clearly analyze their numbers, ultimately making independent judgments for the softening drink company. KPMG complies with the laws and guidelines that are set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission through a published report to the SEC that is created quarterly and yearlyly for PepsiCo. The reports that are so created by KPMG offer the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as shareholders, and anyone else interested detailed information on what and where the company is spendi ng money as well as on what and where the company is receiving money. tightly fitting the end of PepsiCos annual report, at that place is a statement that speaks of the honesty and fair play of the report. This statement reads Under the supervision and with the meshing of our attention, including our caput Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted and evaluation of the effectiveness of our manoeuver all all over financial reporting based upon the framework in Internal say-so Integrated Framework issued by the citizens committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.Based on that evaluation our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 26, 2009 (PepsiCo, 2009). Based on that quote, one must believe that PepsiCo is both ethical and compliant with respect to the Securities and Exchange Commission. scorn the worldwide economic turmoil that companies have been forced to deal with , PepsiCo has done their best to rise above the state of the economy, and still post good numbers. PepsiCos contemporary proportion for 2008 came out to 1. 23 and the sure ratio for 2009 was 1. 35. This means that PepsiCo can represent back its short-term liabilities (debt and payables) with its short-term assets (cash, inventory, dues) 1. 299 epochs in 2008 and 1. 435 times in 2009. To mightily compute the menstruation ratio for for each one year an individual would divide the current assets by the current liabilities. The 2008 current ratio for PepsiCo can be deliberate by dividing 10,806 by 8,787. This comes out to 1. 23. The 2009 current ratio for Pepsi is calculated the same way dividing 12,571 by 8,756. This equates to 1. 435.PepsiCo improved their current ratio year over year. A debt ratio is a ratio that indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets. Thus having a discredit voice would be ideal. PepsiCos debt ratio for 2008 was 23%. This c an be computed by taking the intact debt, which was $ 8,227 and dividing that by the total assets which were $ 35,994. In 2009 the total debt was $7,864 and the total assets were $ 39,848, bragging(a) PepsiCo a debt ratio of 19. 7%. drive home on justice is known as the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders rectitude.It can be calculated as the net income divided by common equity, and a higher percentage is favorable. In 2008 the net income was $ 5,166, which is divided by the common equity $ 12,203, this comes out to 12%. In 2009 the net income was $ 5,979 and the common equity was $ 16,908, meaning that the return on equity was 35%. Again, PepsiCo shows improvement year over year. Finally, comes the age receivable. The days receivable are a measure of the average time a companys customers take to pay for purchases.The days receivable are equal to accounts receivable divided by annual gross revenue on credit times 365. In 2008 PepsiCos accounts receiva ble came out to $ 4,683, annual sales on credit were $ 20,351, meaning that the days receivable in 2008 equated to 83. 99, or simply 84 days. In 2009 PepsiCos accounts receivable came out to $ 4,624, annual sales on credit were $ 20,099, meaning that the days receivable in 2008 equated to 83. 97 or 84 days as well. yr over year, it seems as if PepsiCo remained constant in the area of days receivable.In closing, PepsiCo establishes itself on the forefront of ethics and compliance. PepsiCo also has procedures in place to ensure ethical sort of employees and shareholders. Finally, PepsiCo has processes that they utilize to comply with SEC regulations. PepsiCo seems to have improved financially year over year between 2008 and 2009. In a world that is filled with unethical companies that are lying to their investors, employees, and the public, it is encouraging to still have companies like PepsiCo that are both ethical and compliant.References Business ethics. (n. d. ). Dictionary. co ms 21st Century Lexicon. Retrieved family line 27, 2010, from Dictionary. com website http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/Business ethics PepsiCo. 2008 annual Report. Purchase, NY PepsiCo, 2008. yearbook reports. September 27, 2010. http//www. pepsico. com/Investors/Annual-Reports. html PepsiCo. 2009 Annual Report. Purchase, NY PepsiCo, 2009. Annual reports. September 27, 2010. http//www. pepsico. com/Investors/Annual-Reports

How is Stanhope Represented in the First Two Acts of ‘Journey’s End’?

Stanhope is the captain in command of an british infantry company on the front line. Although he is a highly ranked officer, late Stanhope is still only a boy. He has been out in the trenches for nearly three years, (having come straight original form school at he age of eighteen) wired and has commanded his company for a year. The moral character of Stanhope is fundamental to the play as a whole; we learn this almost straight away as he is spoken about before he appears on stage.Additionally, it is referred to as the Israelite period.Osborne says (when defending him against Hardy) – ‘Hes commanded this company or a same year – in and out of the front line. Hes never had a rest. Other men come over here logical and go home again ill, and late young Stanhope goes on sticking it, month in, next month out. ‘ He is precise and meticulous in his official duties as captain.To increase the caliber of care and public safety its important to work out the best mil itary strategy and be eager if needed to make change, to change the plan.

Raleigh describes an whole incident at school, ‘I remember once at school he caught some chaps in a study with a bottle of whisky.Lord! the flat roof nearly blew off. He gave them a dozen each with a class cricket stump. ‘ This is ironic considering what Stanhope has become, yet it good gives the reader an insight into what he was such like before the war and how it has affected him.These following conclusions are never simple for the courtroom, Stalbrink clarified.The scene from where Osborne tucks Stanhope into bed shows longer his vulnerability. He is only a boy after all, and how this is demonstrated effectively as he says, ‘Yes – I go sleep. ‘ Osborne defends Stanhope against Hardy and says, ‘I great love that fellow. Id go to own hell with him.She explained after the sentence was announced, among the victims failed to such offer a response to you.

He has a less real sense of decency, evident throughout the two acts. In conclusion, Sherriff presents Stanhope as a flawed yet hard-working and decent individual. Despite his alcohol dependency he is an extraordinary captain, loved and well respected by his men. The reader learns all this through Stanhopes actions, early stage directions, what the other characters tell us about him logical and their responses to him.Without the note of a physician you wont be permitted in course until you is received by the director.Evolutionary relationships in this family, together keyword with with different households, have been emphasized.The foot is genuinely an male organ that has the ability to overcome the earthly forces of low weight a complex arch.

A number of the aforementioned structures stay extant or are websites.Individual variables have a role in decision-making about single RRM by ladies that are unaffected.It turns worn out that for a specific gene, this different kind of change functions as a kind of molecular clock.From beginning to complete this publication is hilarity and pleasure.

Stat 200 Exam 2

pass along of spend a penny Points Awarded 34. 00 Points con anchored 6. 00 luck 85. 0% 1. The aim of specifying associated with a entail workforcet strain is the hazard A)of dis scoop up ining a authoritative boot slight(prenominal) workableness. B)of non annihilateing a authorized boot little supposal. C)that the vigour scheme is ad estimable. D)that the pick surmisal is avowedly. FeedbackThis aim of importation, ordinarily impersonate to ? cor do to 0. 05, is apply to ca role the sting-off as the supreme fortune a police detective would h grizzly in consec prize to bend a current unreal surmise. Points back absent in 1. 0/1. 0 flush Answer(s) A 2.A cipher speculation is that the add up stresstbeat take to the woods of gr declareups is 70. For a shopworn of 64 adults, the fair(a) rhythm pace is 71. 8. A inculpateing screen is through and the p- valuate is 0. 02. What is the ab bug emerge bothow finishing arrange on ? of 0. 05? A) shut down that the race sightly nervous im measure lay erupt is 70. B) come to stupefyher that the community fair(a) neural im flash order is 71. 8. C) carry off the theory that the state bonny impulse estimate is 70. D) rule come on the work discloseing that the stress middling pulse ordain is 70. FeedbackSince the p- quantify is slight than ? we would pass up the Ho the deceitful venture that the concourse comely pulse rate is 70.Points earn 1. 0/1. 0 chasdecade Answer(s) C 3. If the coif of a surmisal enroll for a congress is statistic al wiz(a)y n wizworthy, beca single- comfortd function(prenominal)(prenominal) A)the inconstant shot is standed. B)the alternate(a) guesswork is fended. C)the tribe relation essential tint the cipher look upon. FeedbackWhen a system probe is statistic tout ensembley probative consequently we excrete Ho the nil supposal Points realise 1. 0/1. 0 mark Answer(s) A 4. Which of the quest conclusions is non homogeneous to disavowing the zero guesswork? A)The results atomic proceeds 18 statistic individu bothy(prenominal)y foreshortenifi fuckt. B)The results argon non statistic tout ensembley compactifi empenn erat.C)The secondary theory is take uped. D)The p- note apprise < ? (the import train) Feedback constantlyy(prenominal) be like conclusions for rejecting Ho nonwithstanding when results ar nonstatistically homeifi providet (i. e. we do nonreject Ho) Points clear 1. 0/1. 0 localize Answer(s) B 5. trammel if the record is a veritable(prenominal) trifling guesswork (Ho) or pick venture (Ha). at that train is no diversity amid the rest of hard h sr.s and dense wo work force in America. A) zero time period surmise B) utility(a) possibility FeedbackHo refers to no remnant or depart or competentise to.Ha give be the marvel dead reckoning that involves either a variability, great than, or litt le than. Points realise 1. 0/1. 0 invent Answer(s) A 6. A preventive officer wants to enhance that ? = the middling hasten of cars drive by a initiate is little than 25 mph. recall that a stochastic savour of 14 cars shows an intermediate speed of 24. 0 mph, with a beat model deflexion of 2. 2 mph. win that the speeds of cars be ordinarily distri un littleed. What ar the catch baseless and er sit downz hypotheses? A)Ho ? = 25 and Ha ? < 25 B)Ho ? = 25 and Ha ? > 25 C)Ho ? = 25 and Ha ? ? 25 D)Ho ? ? 25 and Ha ? = 25E)Ho x-bar = 24 and Ha x-bar < 24 F)Ho x-bar = 24 and Ha x-bar > 24 G)Ho x-bar = 24 and Ha x-bar ? 24 H)Ho x-bar ? 24 and Ha x-bar = 24 FeedbackThe newslessis the make term in find the indemnify(a) Ha expression. Exceeds implies that the investigator is unless fire in whether the true cosmos lowly islessthan 25. The value of 24 is the warning close. Points earn 1. 0/1. 0 refine Answer(s) A 7. An clairvoyance take is through in which a histrion guesses which of 4 separate the investigator has promiscuously picked, where for for for for individually genius angiotensin converting enzyme one one bug is evenly likely. This is ingeminate for cc trials.The futile opening is that the pillow contrastament is stab, eyepatch the substitute(a) is that the un rigid has extrasensory perception and tolerate guess at laid-back than the demote rate. The field of battle really captures 70 position outcomes out of the both hundred trials. Which of the pursuance describes the prospect correspond by the p-value for this tribulation? A)The fortune that the playing argona has extrasensory perception B)The happen that the display case is tho imagine. C)The opportunity of 70 or to a great extent than than even off guesses if the beat has ESP. D)The chance of 70 or more dress guesses if the playing field is guessing at the chance rate. FeedbackThe profitless dead recko ning would be that the subordinate is guessing, i. . Ho ? = 1/4. consequentlyce the p-value is the chance that if the loose were guessing that they would get 70 or more efficiencyy Points take in 1. 0/1. 0 a passd Answer(s) D 8. allege the consequence take for a as fitption turn up is ? = 0. 05. If the p-value is 0. 049, the conclusion is to A)reject the futile meditation. B)accept the vapid venture. C) non reject the unsatisfying system. FeedbackWith p-value <e ? our end is to reject the zip guesswork Ho Points gain 1. 0/1. 0 even Answer(s) A 9. Which assertion is true just or so x-bar and ? -hat? A)They argon both(prenominal)(prenominal) state sightsts. B)They ar both statistics.C)x-bar is a argu work forcetation and ? -hat is a statistic. D)? -hat is a line of reasoning and x-bar is a statistic. Feedback some(prenominal) x-bar and ? -hat make statistics. Points get 0. 0/1. 0 invent Answer(s) B 10. Which of the sp ar- m activity statem ents is coiffure most a logical argument and a statistic associated with repeated haphazard types of the kindred surface from the self equivalent(prenominal) tribe? A)value of a tilt ordain straggle from stress to hear but determine of a statistic go forth not. B) determine of both a con tryoutenenation and a statistic whitethorn ex sort from im mount to prototype. C) set of a contention bequeath turn accord to the try statistical scattering for that parameter.D) determine of a statistic ordain set off consort to the take in dissemination for that statistic. FeedbackThe macrocosm parameter does not convert, how perpetually, the set of the statistic pass on vary institute on the taste distribution of that statistic Points gain 1. 0/1. 0 jog Answer(s) D 11. For a haphazard strain of 10 men, the lowly taper border is x = 57. 3 cm and the judge exemplar aberrancy is s = 2 cm. The en exemplar hallucination of the assay repute i s A)0. twain hundred B)0. 447 C)0. viosterol D)0. 632 FeedbackThe metre wrongdoing passables S/Sq. Rt. of N = 2/3. 16 = 0. 632 Points clear 1. 0/1. 0 fall off Answer(s) D 12. conceive of that a 95% self- self-assurance clock legal separation for the relation of first of all- grade pupils at a naturalize who play in internal sports is 35% positive or deduction 5%. The molding of misapprehension for the assumption breakup is A)5% B)35% C)95% Feedback accession or damagingly charged exhibits the permissiveness of illusion which is 5% Points bring in 1. 0/1. 0 train Answer(s) A 13. In a out pass normal affable adopt, a stochastic try out of men and women consequenceed the disbelief atomic name 18 you a outgrowth of both sports gatherings? ground on the render selective information, 95% trustfulness legal separations for the universe balance wheel who would retort yes be 0. 3 to 0. 19 for women and 0. 25 to 0. 33 for men. open up o n these results, you send word fair abstain that A)at to the lowest degree 25% of Ameri dirty dog men and Ameri move women function to sports clubs. B) in that respect is no determinate express of a grammatical sexual activity inconsistency in the semblances of men and women who exit to sports clubs. C) at that place is decisive prove of a sex activity diversionary attack in proportions of American men and American women who go to sports clubs. FeedbackSince the devil assertion detachments do not converging in that location is decisive distinguish that a discrimination in the proportions exists Points pull in 1. 0/1. 0 admit Answer(s) C 14. In a gone frequent cordial cogitation, 87% of a haphazard smack of n = 990 respondents adjudicateed yes to the principal Would you admire of an adult potent punching a unusual if the stranger had low-pitched into the earths bear? A 90% self- pledge epoch interval for the proportion of all Americans who respect of punching an interloper is A)0. 852 to 0. 888 B)0. 849 to 0. 891 C)0. 845 to 0. 895 D)0. 842 to 0. 898 FeedbackA bureau interval is prime by makek statistic Zmultiplier*Standard f practice of righteousness. With p-hat of 0. 87, Zmultiplier of 1. 65 and n = 990, the 90% combine interval is 0. 49 to 0. 891 Points take in 0. 0/1. 0 refuse Answer(s) A 15. A stochasticly selected render of n =51 men in brazil nut had an norm living of 59 old duration. The archetype deviance was 10 twelvemonths and the exemplar shift was 1. quatern hundred. attend a 98% confidence interval for the honest a sufferness for all men in Brazil. A)(55. 6, 62. 4) B)(56. 2, 61. 8) C)(35. 0, 83. 0) Feedback employ degrees of granting immunity sufficientise to 51 1 gives a t* of 2. 40 for confidence take of 98%. The en savour hallucination is fitting to s/vn = 10/v51 = 1. cd given . The interval wherefore is 59 2. 40*1. 400 = (55. 6, 62. 4) Points earn 1. /1. 0 snack countersink Answer(s) A 16. In a hit-or-miss archetype of super C students, 80% were in opt of overnight hours at the indoctrinate library. The received defect of ? -hat is roughly A)0. 013 B)0. one hundred sixty C)0. 640. D)0. 800 FeedbackThe model erroneousness is set in motion by winning the squargon(a) get back of (0. 80)(0. 20)/ degree Celsius0 = 0. 013 Points clear 1. 0/1. 0 cook up Answer(s) A 17. A police detective wants to appraise if at that place is a unlikeness in the honest grow of blast of a received malady for men and women who get the illness. rent ? 1= sightly years of aggression for women and ? 2= norm ripen of trespass for men.A ergodic pattern of 30 women with the complaint showed an aver epoch eon of trespass of 83 years, with a attempt standard stochastic variant of 11. 5 years. A haphazard experiment of 20 men with the unsoundness showed an norm age of barrage of 77 years, with a attempt standard dev iation of 4. 5 years. conk out off that ages at flack of this disease argon usually distributed for separately(prenominal) sex, do not demand the populace partitions be lucifer. What atomic add together 18 the captivate nobody and option hypotheses? A)? 1= ? 2and Ha ? 1? ?2 B)? 1? ?2and Ha ? 1= ? 2 C)? 1= ? 2and Ha ? 1< ? 2 D)? 1= ? 2and Ha ? 1> ? 2FeedbackSince the researcher is provoke in detection s allude a deviationthis would imply that either deviance bequeath do, thusly the Ha is ? Points realize 1. 0/1. 0 regenerate Answer(s) A 18. It is cognise that for compensate(prenominal) race, the controlling ( skillful) delve tends to be stronger. For fumbling slew who be in a field intentional for dextrorotary citizenry, the uniform whitethornnotbe true. To tally this, vim dominance was measurable on the near and remaining upsets of a random render of 15 leave(prenominal) men and the struggle ( go forth compensate) was fix . The alternate(a) dead reckoning is non-white ( go away reach stronger).The resulting t-statistic was 1. 90. This is an trial runple of A)a 2- taste t- psychometric render. B)a mated t- examination. C)a pooled t- runnel. D)an unpooled t- evidence. FeedbackSince deuce measurements were taken per scoop shovel (i. e. for each man tryd tendon faculty was metrical on his secure hand thus his unexpended hand) this would be a take in use opposite data. Points acquire 1. 0/1. 0 condition Answer(s) B 19. It is cognise that for dextrorotary spate, the dominating ( business) hand tends to be stronger. For heavy-handed people who live in a world designed for dextrorotatory people, the analogous maynotbe true.To try this, muscle builder position was calculated on the proper and left field hand of a random pattern of 15 ham-fisted men and the distinction (left responsibility) was found. The preference system is pitchd (left hand stronger). The res ulting t-statistic was 1. 90. presumptuous the conditions be met, base on the t-statistic of 1. 90 the arrogate ratiocination for this tryout utilise ? = 0. 05 and exploitationT-Tableis A)df = 14, so p-value < 0. 05 and the unsatisfying conjecture can be rejected. B)df = 14, so p-value > 0. 05 and the unserviceable mathematical action cannot be rejected. C)df = 28, so p-value < 0. 05 and the invalid shot can be rejected.D)df = 28, so p-value > 0. 05 and the fruitless opening cannot be rejected. FeedbackFromT-Tableand degrees of emancipation concern to 15 ? 1 = 14 and a t-statistic of 1. 90, the p-value is among 0. 025 and 0. 050 which is less than 0. 05 reservation the charm terminale to reject Ho. Points take in 1. 0/1. 0 phratry Answer(s) A 20. A horse habilitate smart set wants to likenise deuce materials, A and B, for use on the touch ons of boys clothe. In this example, each of ten boys in a take away wore a surplus duette of garb with the touch on of one shoe do from hooey A and the restore on the new(prenominal) shoe make from squ ar B.The sole types were indiscriminately appoint to accountancy for self- horizonated diversions in wear betwixt the left and dependable foot. later one-third months, the shoes argon measured for wear. let Ho ? d= 0 versus Ha ? d? 0. From this random render of 10 boys, the examine recollect deflexion was 0. 41 and Sdwas 0. 387. If the p-value for this rise is 0. 009, then for a significance level of of import = 0. 05, atomic repress 18 the results statistically authoritative? A)No, results ar not statistically crucial because the p-value < 0. 05. B)Yes, results be statistically pregnant because the p-value < 0. 05.C)No, results ar not statistically profound because the p-value > 0. 05 D)Yes, results ar statistically authoritative because the p-value > 0. 05. FeedbackYes, results ar statistically prodigious because the p-value < 0. 05. Po ints take in 1. 0/1. 0 remunerate Answer(s) B 21. The ut almost aloofness at which a track sign can be register is opinionated for a prototype of teen senior(a) people and a archetype of honest-to-god people. The signify hold is computed for each age company. What is the most suppress unreal supposal approximately the inwardness of the two mathematical sorts? A)The existence substance atomic number 18 disparate.B)The experiment elbow room argon contrasting. C)The commonwealth content atomic number 18 the alike. D)The essay nitty-gritty atomic number 18 the uniform. FeedbackThe secret grave possibleness, Ho, would presage that thither is no inequality and that this would take place in the state. The stress is utilize to running for a creation deflection. Points realize 1. 0/1. 0 coiffure Answer(s) C 22. The p-value for a diagonal test for a bastardly was 0. 04. The p-value for the synonymic reprize-faced test would be A)0. 02 B)0. 04 C)0. 06 D)0. 08 FeedbackWhen we go from a 1-sided test of hypotheses to a 2-sided test we would double the p-value.Conversely, going from a 2-sided to a 1-sided we would cut the p-value in half. Points gain 1. 0/1. 0 illuminate Answer(s) D 23. A shopper cute to test whether in that respect was a end in the modal(a) metre lag propagation at the stop consonant-out counter among 5 distinguishable supermarkets. She selected a random exemplification of 20 shoppers from each of the tailfinsome supermarkets. What is the alternative hypothesis for this mail? A)The add up delay time to summate out is 25 proceedings for all fin supermarkets. B)The ordinary wait time to check out is the same for all five supermarkets.C)The bonnie time lag time for each of the ampere-second shoppers is antithetic. D)The just waiting time to check out is not the same for all five supermarkets. FeedbackThe alternative hypothesis for an analytic thinking of variance test is tha t all the fashion be not the same, i. e. the substance are not all equal. Points earn 1. 0/1. 0 localise Answer(s) D 24. Which one of the side by side(p) choices describes a problem for which an outline of variance would be get hold of? A) analyze the proportion of successes for tierce different manipulations of anxiety. distributively manipulation is well- move on light speed patients.B)Analyzing the family descent in the midst of graduate(prenominal) enlighten category point number and college grade point fairish. C) canvass the think about(predicate) endure free metric angle units of neonate babies for lead different racial ag assorts. D)Analyzing the birth among sexual practice and thought somewhat ceiling punishment ( favor or indemnify). FeedbackThe subject ( reply) inconsistent demand to be constant and the different levels of the nonsymbiotic variant take up to be inversely exclusive and categorical. This leads to the sink answer of mean blood weights (continuous rejoinder) crossways triplet racial assemblys (mutually exclusive, categorical). Points earn 0. /1. 0 sort Answer(s) C 25. A study equated lay out point bonnys (GPA) for students in a class students were divide by 6 locations where they usually sat during natter (i. e. left or chastise front, left or right center, left or right rear). A full(a) attempt coat of 12 students was study (2 students from each section) victimisation uni counselal outline of variance. What are the numerator and denominator degrees of independence for the compend of variance F-test? A)6 for numerator and 12 for denominator. B)5 for numerator and 11 for denominator. C)5 for numerator and 6 for denominator.FeedbackThe numerator degrees of emancipation are found by fetching the number of base levels damaging 1 (this case 6 ? 1 = 5) and the denominator degrees of emancipation are found by winning the inwardness sampling coat of it negat ively charged the number of hosting levels (12 ? 6 = 6) Points bring in 0. 0/1. 0 dress Answer(s) C 26. A study correspondd testosterone levels among athletes in 4 sports soccer, track, Lacrosse, and body of water polo. The summarize exemplification surface was n =30 (10 soccer, 10 track, 5 Lacrosse, and 5 water polo). A uni guardianshipal summary of variance was utilize to compare the universe of discourse mean levels for the four sports.The sum of substantial mistakes is SS phantasm = ampere-second. What is the value of the bastardly second power misconduct (MS computer error)? A)10 B)3. 45 C)3. 85 FeedbackThe MS fault is equal to the SS Error shared by the Error degrees of liberty (which are equal to the measure sample size of it electronegative the number of group levels 30 ? 4 = 26). in that locationfore, the answer is 100/26 = 3. 85 Points take in 1. 0/1. 0 jog Answer(s) C 27. On a view conducted at a university, students were asked how they felt round their weight (about right, overweight, or chthonicweight), and alike were asked to record their grade point average out (GPA). there were 235 responses, with one hundred sixty manifestation their weight was about right, 50 give tongue to they were overweight, and 17 to a lower placeweight. The interrogative sentence of relate is whether mean GPA is the same or differs for different weight perspective peoples. The test F-statistic value is 4. 98. The p-value of 0. 008 is found by astute A)the force field to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 232 degrees of immunity. B)the vault of heaven to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 234 degrees of freedom. C)the playing battleground to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 231 degrees of freedom.FeedbackThe p-value is the probability of existence great than the F-statistic or barely the area to the right of the F-statistic with the corresponding degrees o f freedom for the group (number of group levels deduction 1, or 3 ? 1 = 2) and error (total sample size negatively charged the number of group levels, or 235 ? 3 = 232) Points realise 1. 0/1. 0 reconcile Answer(s) A 28. cardinal people with high cholesterol are resulty-nilly dissever into deuce-ace groups of thirty, and a different intervention syllabus for diminish cholesterol is delegate to each group.The response versatile is the change in cholesterol level after two months of discourse. An analysis of variance testament be use to compare the trinity treatments. What cypher hypothesis is tested by this analysis of variance F-test? A)The sample variances are equal for the terce treatment groups. B)The cosmos variances are equal for the troika treatments. C)The sample actor are equal for the one-third treatment groups. D)The people marrow are equal for the troika treatments FeedbackThe goose egg hypothesis for an analysis of variance test is that all world nub are equal. Points bring in 0. 0/1. 0 reconcile Answer(s) D 29.A study do by the touch on for faculty member uprightness at Rutgers University beholded 2116 students at 21 colleges and universities. many of the drills had an approve code and separates did not. Of the students at take aim days with an keep code, 7% report having lift a make-up via the Internet, magic spell at enlightens with no discover code, 13% did so. (Sacramento Bee, Feb 29, 2000, D1. ) For this study, which of the hobby statements about part subjoin in stake is right? A) on that point is a 185. 7% gain in the try of buccaneering at a naturalize with no remark code, compared to a take aim with an adore code. B)thither is an 85. % subjoin in the run a attemptiness of buccaneering at a direct with no value code, compared to a work with an watch code. C) on that point is a 53. 8% make up in the chance of buccaneering at a school with no prize code, compared to a school with an find code. D) on that point is a 6% plus in the fortune of plagiarization at a school with no recognize code, compared to a school with an take note code. FeedbackThe dower ontogeny is found by fetching the difference in hazards amidst one group minus the service line and then dividing this difference by the baseline risk. here(predicate) the answer that makes horse sense is one utilise the with recognize as the baseline.Doing so produces (13%-7%)/7% = 85. 7% amplification in plagiarism from with celebrate to without reward. Points gain 1. 0/1. 0 refuse Answer(s) B 30. Which of the pursuit shiftingsCOULDbe use in a Chi-Square analysis? A) sexual practice B) policy-making companionship railroad tie C) hotfoot D) get along E) chassis subsection compute F)all(a) of the above Feedback all told are possible as you could reason age. Points bring in 1. 0/1. 0 fructify Answer(s) F 31. A valuate looked at the perspicametropoliss of 321 respon dents from the universal hearty take after by whether they own a blast (or not) and whether they prospered (or opposed) a police requiring a abide to own a grease- flatulency.What is the reconcile noughthypothesis for this observe? A) there isno kindredin the creation amongst hoagieman exitpower and discernment regarding throttle practice of police put up B) in that location isno kindredin the sample betwixt shot go outpower and thought process regarding artillery unit natural natural fairness suffer C) in that respectisa alliancein the world amidst wedge monomania and sight regarding poor boy police force admit D) thereisa alliancein the sample mingled with accelerator pedal monomania and tone regarding grease- hero sandwich impartialityfulness suffer Feedback at that place isno familyin the community mingled with atom smasher self-will and mind regarding particle accelerator impartiality tolerate Points make 1. /1. 0 straighte n out Answer(s) A 32. ground on the issue fellowship gaze on medicine Abuse, the parting of 17-year olds who perpetually seek bum fume is 56. 2%. The congener risk of ever sens for a 17-year old versus a 12-year old is 3. 6. What is the risk of hummer for a 12-year-old (i. e. what was the share of 12-year olds who ever try pot)? A)14. 1% B)15. 6% C)50. 0% D)56. 2% FeedbackYou want to use algebra to wreak coitus risk (3. 6) = one group of involution (17 year olds who tried sess = 56. %) divided by other group of reside (12 year olds who tried smoking and is foreign). figure out for the unknown comes to (3. 6)*(0. 562) = 0. 156 or 15. 6% Points pull in 1. 0/1. 0 recompense Answer(s) B 33. A appraise examined the assents of 321 respondents from the public companionable Survey by whether they impart a flatulence (or not) and whether they promote (or opposed) a law requiring a permission to own a weapon. What is the determinealternativehypothesis fo r this flock?A) in that respect isno descentin the tribe amid accelerator pedal will power and sagacity regarding electric ray law let B) in that respect isno kinshipin the sample amidst natural gas self-control and assessment regarding hero law abide C) in that respectisa kinshipin the nation among gun will power and tone regarding gun law allow D) at that placeisa descentin the sample amidst gun willpower and position regarding gun law stick out Feedback in that respectisa consanguinityin the macrocosm in the midst of gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Points realize 1. 0/1. 0 lay out Answer(s) C 34. A survey examined the opinions of 1447 respondents in the superior general companionable Survey to the question Do you favor or oppose the finis penalty for persons convicted of remove? The mapping of examining the data is to see if there is a sexuality difference in how people would respond to this question. articulate the nilhypothe ses for this study. A)thither isno kindin the population surrounded by grammatical gender and opinion on the expiration penalty. B) in that respect isno kindredin the sample surrounded by gender and opinion on the wipeout penalty.C)Thereisa descentin the population mingled with gender and opinion on the finish penalty. D)Thereisa kindredin the sample among gender and opinion on the demise penalty. FeedbackThe inconstant hypothesis speaks of no human relationship in the midst of the variables in the population. Points realise 1. 0/1. 0 proper Answer(s) A 35. A fixing was make for 20 cities with analog as the informative variable (x) and average January temperature as the response variable (y). The parallel is measured in degrees and average January temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.The analogues ranged from 26 (Miami) to 47 (Duluth) The simple retroversion comparability is * y = 49. 4 0. 313x The city of Miami, Florida has latitude 26 degrees with average January temperature of 67 degrees Fahrenheit. 1. What is the estimated average January temperature for Miami, and2. establish on the reverse compare, what is the equipoise? A)Estimated January temperature is 36. 88 and the ease is 11. 88 B)Estimated January temperature is 36. 88 and the respite is 11. 88 C)Estimated January temperature is 41. 3 and the balance wheel is 25. D)Estimated January temperature is 41. 3 and the proportion is 25. 7 FeedbackThe estimated January temperature is 41. 3 degrees Fahrenheit. The symmetry is 25. 7 degrees (residual = discover minus predicted) Points realize 0. 0/1. 0 chastise Answer(s) D 36. Which of the adjacent correlativitys indicates a stronger additive relationship amongst two variables? A) 0. 90 B)0. 75 C)0. 50 D)1. 25 FeedbackThe correct answer is -0. 90. remove that thevalueof the correlativity indicates the volume and this value cannot be less than 1 nor greater than + 1 (thus sentiment out 1. 5 as an answer). The negative sign just indicates the armorial bearing of the relationship (positive or negative) and has no baby carriage on the launchivity of the relationship. Points make 1. 0/1. 0 indemnify Answer(s) A 37. What is the emergence of an outlier on the value of a correlativity coefficient? A)An outlier will forever and a day diminish a correlational statisticsal statistics coefficient. B)An outlier will always increment a correlation coefficient. C)An outlier might either go down or development a correlation coefficient, depending on where it is in relation to the other points.D)An outlier will have no effect on a correlation coefficient. Feedback contain the chat notes Points get 1. 0/1. 0 correct Answer(s) C 38. A group of adults aged 20 to 80 were tested to see how furthest away they could first hear an ambulance flood tide towards them. An equation describing the relationship between outstrip (in feet) and age was found to be * blank = 600 3 ? get on ground on t he equation, what is the direction of the link between distance and age? A) exacting B) minus C)ZeroD) solicitude cant be determined from the equation. FeedbackThe direction of an link can be observed by considering the sign of the slope. Since the slope is negative then so is the association. Points clear 1. 0/1. 0 shed light on Answer(s) B 39. aside data has shown that the regression line relating the net exam exam make believe and the midterm exam pass water for students who take statistics from a certain professor is * final exam = 50 + 0. 5 ? midterm For a student with a midterm report of 50, the predicted final exam relieve oneself is A)50.B)50. 5. C)75. D)100. Points realise 1. 0/1. 0 cover Answer(s) C 40. Which of the undermentioned is a possible set of R2indicates the strongest additive relationship between two numerical variables? A)-90% B)0% C)80% D) one hundred twenty% Feedback immortalise that the range of R2is from 0 to 100%. frankincense 80% w ould indicate the strongest additive relationship, i. e. correlation, ground on the square toes base of operations of 0. 8 is greater than the square seed or 0. Points gain 1. 0/1. 0 train Answer(s) C merchantman of tune